Candy Chromatography free essay sample

Have you ever wondered how many dyes are in your favorite candies? Candy chromatography is a method of separating and comparing dyes used in candy. It is a complex mixture, without having to taste it. The word chromatography is broken into two Greek words, â€Å" chroma† meaning color and ‘graphein’ meaning to write. It works because the components of the mixture will be different in how much they â€Å"stick† to each other, and to other substances. The dyes that stick more tightly to the paper fibers will spend less time in the water and not travel that far into the paper. The dye that doesn’t tightly stick will spend more time in the water and will travel farther through the paper. In each experiment there is a stationary phase and mobile phase. The stationary phase is the paper used in the experiment and the mobile phase is the water. The mobile phase is also called the solvent. We will write a custom essay sample on Candy Chromatography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved. 1 â€Å"In paper chromatography, you can see the components separate out on filter paper and identify the components based on how far they travel. Do to this, we calculate the retention factor of each component†. This is explaining the math one has to use to figure which dyes where used. Rf is the symbol used to represent how far a component travels and the distance the solvent travels from a common starting point. You start by looking at the filter paper and see how far it traveled compared to the distance traveled by the solvent. 2 When measuring the distance the component traveled, one should measure from the origin and to the center of the spot in its new location. Candy chromatography is very useful for extracting dyes and many other things.

Trust versus mistrust

Trust versus mistrust Introduction Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development is one of the approaches that are supposed to describe a person’s behavior across the lifespan. This model includes several important concepts that can be used for explaining the way in which an individual’s identity is shaped. In particular, one can speak about the stage, when a child learns to trust and mistrust.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Trust versus mistrust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This development stage can influence values, attitudes, and perceptions of a person. This is one the main aspects that should be distinguished. In turn, this paper is aimed at discussing these notions from biophysical, psychological, and social dimensions since they are important for the evaluation of a person’s development. These are the main questions that should be examined more closely. On the whole, it is possible to argue that the choice between trust and mistrust has profound implications for the behavior of a person and his attitude toward other people. Additionally, parents and social workers should make sure that an infant is not exposed to significant hazards during this psychosocial stage. This task is critical for promoting the socialization of a child, his/her self-esteem, and subjective well-being. This is the main argument that can be put forward. Erik Erikson’s notions of trust and mistrust According to Erik Erikson’s model, during the first fifteen months, a child should establish a â€Å"balance between trust and mistrust† (Ashford LeCroy, 2010, p. 91). Provided that caregivers are responsive and consistent, an infant will be more like to treat the world as something secure or friendly (Sneed, Whitbourne, Culang, 2006). Moreover, in the future, a child will be more willing to trust other people. This is one of the possible scenarios that can be identified. I n contrast, if a child’s needs are not met by parents, he/she will find it difficult to trust others. Moreover, such a person may often feel insecure. In the long term, this person will adopt a pessimistic attitude toward others. These are some of the details that can be distinguished. At present, researchers carry out various studies that can verify the main premises of Erik Erikson’s model. It is necessary to identify the independent variables that can be used as the predictors of a person’s long-term development, and very often, this task is very challenging (Roisman Fraley, 2013).Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, Erikson’s model can be useful for explaining the legacies of early childhood experiences on the identity of a person and his/her perception of the world. This is one of the arguments that can be advanced . Biophysical perspective Erikson’s notions of trust and mistrust can be illustrated from various viewpoints. In particular, it is possible to the biophysical dimensions of this question. This approach implies that one should clearly evaluate the impact of biological factors on the development of an individual (Ashford LeCroy, 2010, p. 50). These factors can manifest themselves during pre-natal and post-natal stages of a person’s life. In many cases, researchers focus on the impact of genes on human behavior. However, in order to examine the relevance of Erikson’s theory, one should also look at biophysical processes that can be explained by external events. In particular, researchers note that during infancy, a person is particularly vulnerable to various biophysical hazards such as falls, burns, or even poisoning (Ashford LeCroy, 2010, p. 242). Ericson’s model implies that physical injuries sustained at an early can significantly increase a child†™s sense of insecurity in the future. Such a person will think primarily about dangers or threats while facing various unfamiliar situations. Thus, parents should make sure that the risks of such events are eliminated or reduced to the minimum. It should be kept in mind that at this age, a child acts as an explorer who wants to examine the properties of the surrounding world. This is one of the aspects that should be considered by caregivers. Overall, neglect is the main pitfall that they should avoid. Among the main consequences of neglect, one can distinguish low-level of self-esteem, extreme risk aversion, and unwillingness to find creative solutions to difficult situations (Hildyard Wolfe, 2002, p. 679). This is why this risk should not be overlooked by social workers. Moreover, such experiences as hunger can also prompt a child to mistrust other people. On the whole, social workers should evaluate parents’ ability to meet the physiological needs of child because it is critical for long-term development of a child and his/her worldviews. This assessment is critical for the identification and prevention of possible hazards such as mental; disorders.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Trust versus mistrust specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychological perspective Apart from that, this issue can be examined from a psychological perspective. A child, who is only 15 months old, only forms his/her impressions about the world. Parents should attach much importance to the infants’ psychological needs. For example, they should be comforted, if they are frightened by something. However, parents can fail to do it; as a result, infants learn to distrust other people. Furthermore, they may struggle with such problems as low self-esteem, continuous feeling of uncertainty in the future. Moreover, this individual may eventually develop a very pessimistic perception of the world. There are several factors which can make a child to be mistrustful. For example, researchers point out that the exposure to parental conflicts can adversely affect the cognitive development of a person (Pendry Adam, 2013, p. 502). This is one of the details that should be considered by parents as well as social workers. These professionals should pay attention to several criteria, the possibility of attachment failure or the way in which the child responds to his/her parents. In this way, they will be able to identify potential problems at an early stage. These are the main strategies that can be adopted. Social dimension Social perspective is also important for understanding the formation of trust or mistrust. Infancy and childhood have not been closely examined by sociologists (King, 2007). Nevertheless, the ability to establish social ties is critical for the long-term development of a person. It should be noted an infant seeks to find a person who he/she can rely on. This role should be played by played by parents. Much attention should be paid to their responsiveness. In this context, this term can be defined as the willingness or ability of parents to interact with children. Unfortunately, many children are deprived of this opportunity. For instance, one can mention that the children raised by drug-addicted, often feel alienated from their peers (Steinhausen et al., 2004). Additionally, this problem can be attributed to the failure of caregivers to interact with their children during infancy. For example, researchers focus on mother-toddler relations because they can shape emotional development of a child and his/her socialization (Bocknek, 2012). According to Erikson, the problems, which can occur during the first fifteen months, can impair a person’s ability to establish social relations. In contrast, an infant, who learns to trust caregivers, has a better capacity to interact with other people.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the distinctions that can be singled out. Hence, social workers and educators should focus on the ability of parents to ensure the socialization of an infant. It should be borne in mind that the social threats to development often manifest themselves when a child grows older (Laucht, Esser, Schmidt 1997). One should not suppose they always become evidence during infancy. This is one of one of the tasks that should be considered by educators when they evaluate the development of a child. Moreover, it is possible to say that Erikson’s model can be a valuable tool for understanding the way in which a person’s identity can be constructed through various external forces. Scenario It is possible to construct a scenario that can illustrate the relevance of Erikson’s model. In particular, one should focus on a situation which illustrates a child’s choice between trust and mistrust. For example, one can look at an infant who is breastfed by the mot her. In this case, one should first speak about the biophysical needs of a child, for example, nutrition. If these needs are consistently met, an infant will be more likely to trust other people and have a more positive attitude toward the external environment. In the future, this attitude can become a part of his identity. In turn, he/she can become mistrustful, if the behavior of the mother is unpredictable, and she does not feed the infant regularly. Apart from that, the interaction with parents is critical for developing attachments. Provided that parents regularly play with the child, he/she will be more willing to take part in social relations. Yet, he/she can become reticent if parents become irritant or emotionally distant. Thus, parents should remember that their display of emotions can have significant for the child’s later development. Apart from that, an infant can easily be frightened by sudden sounds or visual images. In this case, parents should comfort the chi ld, and if they fail to do it, he/she can become susceptible to various problems such as anxiety. This scenario is important because it illustrates the application of Erikson’s theory. Moreover, it throws light on various effects of this choice between trust and mistrust. Conclusion Overall, this discussion suggests that such concepts as trust and mistrust are critical for explaining various peculiarities of a person’s behavior. Certainly, at this point, Erik Erikson’s model still requires empirical validation, and it is necessary to carry out various studies that can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of this model. However, its major premises can be important for explaining how the values or attitudes of a person are formed. According to this approach, an infant attempts to evaluate the world in terms of its friendliness, predictability, or physical comfort. The main task of parents is to make sure that the child is safeguarded against various risks at thi s stage of development. It is critical to focus on biophysical, psychological, and social aspects because each of them can influence a child’s choice between trust and mistrust. These are the main points that can be made. Reference List Ashford, J., LeCroy, C. (2010). Human behavior in the social environment: a  multidimensional perspective. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Bocknek, E. (2012). Maternal Psychological Absence and Toddlers Social-Emotional Development: Interpretations From the Perspective of Boundary Ambiguity Theory. Family Process, 51(4), 527-541. Hildyard, K. L., Wolfe, D. A. (2002). Child neglect: developmental issues and outcomes. Child Abuse Neglect, 26, 679-695. King, M. (2007). The sociology of childhood as scientific communication – Observations from a social systems perspective. Childhood A Global Journal Of Child Research, 14(2), 193-213. Laucht, M., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H. (1997). Developmental outcome of infants born with b iological and psychosocial risks. Child Psychology Psychiatry Allied Disciplines, 38(7), 843-853. Pendry, P., Adam, E. (2013). Child-Related Interparental Conflict in Infancy Predicts Child Cognitive Functioning in a Nationally Representative Sample. Journal Of Child Family Studies, 22(4), 502-515. Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. (2013). Developmental Mechanisms Underlying the Legacy of Childhood Experiences. Child Development Perspectives, 7(3), 149-154. Sneed, J., Whitbourne, S., Culang, M. (2006). Trust, identity, and ego integrity: Modeling Eriksons core stages over 34 years. Journal Of Adult Development, 13(3-4), 148-157. Steinhausen, H., Mas, S., Ledermann, C., Metzke, C. (2006). Risk factors for the development of emotional and behavioural problems in children born to drug-dependent mothers. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(8), 460-466.

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership - Case Study Example Therefore, it is imperative to identify leadership issues that usually arise when managing emergency situations. Personal style of leadership is an important aspect of emergency management since it entails issues like interpersonal communication (Comfort,Waugh, & Cigler, 2012). During the emergency, the leader must communicate with various including the outside agencies, the emergency management team, and the victims. The personal style of leadership must, therefore, take into consideration different personality traits that breed good communication skills. Communication during the crisis is also necessary thus there must be the right leadership approach in managing the situation (Khan, 2013). A leader has to make a myriad of decision during an emergency situation thus it is vital to identify some the attributes that lead to effective decision-making. The issue of decision making during emergency management requires the right models for implementing the process. In this case, it will be imperative to identify some of the models of decision making like the seven-step approach to decision-making and problem solving (Comfort,Waugh, & Cigler, 2012). Another important issue to consider is making decisions prior to the emergency situation. In this case, leadership attributes like the ability to forecast and anticipate situations help in managing emergencies (Khan, 2013). On the other hand, the leader must make decisions after the disaster or the emergency occurs. The decision-making stage raises issues like recovery initiatives by the leader and how he or she coordinates the activities to result in effective management of the situation. It will also be imperative to identify so me of the obstacles or challenges that leaders face while making decisions due to the dynamic nature emergency situations. Emergency management calls for the right approach

Web design proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web design proposal - Essay Example This should also make the website easier to navigate. As Phebra were previously known as PharmaLab, it could also be considered as a â€Å"rebranding† promotion. The look and feel of new website is important, from the perspective of customer branding and effective marketing. Another reason for Phebra to renew their website is that they are considering putting more section and more content into the WebPages. Phebra want to add ‘Manufacturing’, ‘Medical Information’, and ‘People’ section, together with the four main sections on the current website. This will help Phebra to provide much more details to its clients that will be an advantage, as it will create believe and trust for Phebra from its clients. Another feature for Phebra new website will be the intranet search engine. Phebra clients will simply use keywords to find out the product they are looking for and will gather related information about product. Additionally, adding Content Management System (CMS) to the website will be important as it will facilitate Phebra to update there company information and upload new product or take out the old product. CMS will help Phebra to maintain their website and provide latest information more efficiently. Furthermore, Phebra wants to provide online account to clients so that they can order and view their purchase history. This will also help Phebra to study their clients need and come out with new solutions. The current design is based on blue and white colour scheme. The main focus of the front page is the pull down menu which list out the details of the products of the company. The website is simplistic on the front page; in the main sections include the business, products, ordering information and a contacts page. The main theme on the index page is titled â€Å"life-enhancing medicines† which is quite effective. The news section on the

Discusses the current state-of-the-art in an area of electrical Research Paper

Discusses the current state-of-the-art in an area of electrical engineering and computer science that you are interested - Research Paper Example nd mobile software, however, every mobile application has specific mobile software that defines its characteristics and requirements depending on the data processing need at hand. Generally, with the availability of the Internet, intranet or any other respective communication links, mobile devices enable a user to take a computer and all crucial files, folders, and software out into the field and to work as if he/she were in the office (Masco et al, 17). Mobile computing relies on the principle of mobile voice communication whose technology has been recently extended to include the ability for one to send and receive data across cellular networks. A number of hardware that support mobile computing are available and include mobile devices and device components like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Smartphone, tablet computers, ultra-mobile PCs, and wearable computers to name but a few (Mascolo et al, 19). With these devices, there is efficiency in communication and for business people who are constantly on the move, the concept of mobile computing serves to solve the problem of mobility through the transmission of data from remote locations. The dominant technology in the mobile data communication market today that enables mobile computing is the Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), though; a number of alternative technologies are available such as the Circuit Switched Cellular, Specialized Mobile Radio, and Wireless Data Networks. The basic principle of the CDPD technology is the usage of idle time that is available in between existing signals sent across the cellular networks. This technology usually comes with the advantage of low cost of data transmission since the idle time is not chargeable. Fixed users are provided with a fixed physical link to the CDPD network allowing them to connect to the network while mobile users connect to the network using a packet-switched system. In case the CDPD facilities do not exist, this technology utilizes the concept of

General Swimming Fitness Testing

General Swimming Fitness Testing Science can help fine tune the athlete, as in the end even a few hundredths of a second often decide the result of races. An exercise physiologist, strength coach or fitness trainer uses the science of muscle physiology and training to prepare the swimmer physically for their competition. There are many aspects to a race, and the training needs to address each of these. The muscles should be prepared to enable the quickest reaction time at the start. The swimmer must have the strength and power for a powerful explosive start, and quick and powerful turn, while also possessing the stamina (aerobic endurance) to maintain their speed in the throughout the race. The importance of each of these physical aspects of the swimmer depends on the race distance and technique. Strength training should address the specific muscles used, such as the gluteus maximus and quadriceps which are important at the start and at each turn. The shoulder, chest and back muscles which generate about 85% of the swimmers power, are also critical. While in the kick, the hamstring and quadricep muscles maintain body balance and the horizontal body position. Fitness Tests Fitness is a vitally important component of success in swimming. There are many components of fitness that make up a good swimmer, importance of each of these depends on the race distance and stroke. The fitness tests used to test a swimmer should also reflect the range fitness components, and the interpretation of the results should also be relative to the importance of each of these attributes. Body Size and Shape swimmers are usually tall and relatively lean. Some body fat is not a hindrance as it can add to buoyancy in the water. The usual anthropometric measures for swimmers would include: 1.1 height, procedure: measurement the maximum distance from the floor to the highest point on the head, when the subject is facing directly ahead. Shoes should be off, feet together, and arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and upper back should also be in contact with the wall. equipment required: stadiometer or steel ruler placed against a wall reliability: Height measurement can vary throughout the day, being higher in the morning, so it should be measured at the same time of day each time. advantages: low costs, quick test other comments: height or lack of height is an important attribute for many sports. 1.2 weight, purpose: measuring body mass can be valuable for monitoring body fat or muscle mass changes, or for monitoring hydration level. equipment required: Scales, which should be calibrated for accuracy using weights authenticated by a government department of weights and measures. procedure: the person stands with minimal movement with hands by their side. Shoes and excess clothing should be removed. reliability: To improve reliability, weigh routinely in the morning (12 hours since eating). Body weight can be affected by fluid in the bladder (weigh after voiding the bladder). Other factors to consider are the amount of food recently eaten, hydration level, the amount of waste recently expelled from the body, recent exercise and clothing. If you are monitoring changes in body mass, try and weigh at the same time of day, under the same conditions, and preferably with no clothes on. Always compare using the same set of scales. advantages: quick and easy measurement when testing large groups, with minimal costs. other comments: measuring weight can be used as a measure of changes in body fat, but as it does not take into account changes in lean body mass it is better to use other methods of body composition measurement 1.3 sitting height, procedure: Sitting height gives a measure of the length of the trunk. It is a measurement of the distance from the highest point on the head to the base sitting surface. The subject sits with both feet on the floor, the lower back and shoulders against the wall, looking straight ahead. Distance can be measured from the floor, and the height of the box measured and subtracted from the total distance. equipment required: stadiometer or ruler placed against a wall, box or chair. reliability: Height measurement can vary throughout the day, being higher in the morning, so should be measured at a consistent time of day. advantages: low costs, quick test other comments: Upper body length or proportionally long legs is an important attribute for many sports. 1.4 arm span, Arm span measurement is a simple measure that is important in the anthropometrical profiling of athletes in many sports in which reach is important, such as rowing and basketball. See also the related arm length measure, which is the length of each individual arm. purpose: To measure arm length, as long arms may be advantageous for some sports which involve reaching and tackling. equipment required: ruler or tape measure, wall. procedure: facing away from the wall, with back and buttocks touching the arms are stretched out horizontally. Measure from one furthermost finger tip to the other. results: The arm length measures can be compared to the persons height. On average, arm span should be about equal to height. By subtracting a measurement for shoulder widthfrom this measurement you can get a measure of average arm length. advantages: very low cost, simple and quick test other comments: It is important for the subject to fully stretch to get the maximum reach, and that the arms are held exactly horizontally. To assist in keeping the outstretched arms horizontal, use a wall that has horizontal lines already on it such as a brick wall. Also measure out from a corner or wall protrusion so that one hand can be stable and all measurements are away from it. 1.5 hand span, purpose: The size of the hand is advantageous for some sports which involve catching, gripping or tackling. equipment required: flat surface and ruler or tape measure procedure: The hand is placed palm down on a flat surface. The fingers are outstretched as far as possible. Measure the linear distance between the outside of the thumb to the outside of the little finger. advantages: very low cost, simple and quick test other comments: this test is used at the AFL Draft Camp 1.6 body fat using skinfold measures. procedure: Estimation of body fat by skinfold thickness measurement. Measurement can use from 3 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body. The right side is usually only measured (for consistency). The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are then applied 1 cm below and at right angles to the pinch, and a reading in millimeters (mm) taken two seconds later. The mean of two measurements should be taken. If the two measurements differ greatly, a third should then be done, then the median value taken. the sites: there are many common sites at which the skinfold pinch can be taken. See the descriptions and photographs of each skinfold site. results: Because of the increased errors involved, it is usually not appropriate to convert skinfold measures to percentage body fat (%BF). It is best to use the sum of several sites to monitor and compare body fat measures. In order to satisfy those who want to calculate a percentage body fatmeasure, there is a sample of equations for calculating this here. Below is a table of general guidelines for using total sum (in millimeters) of the seven main skinfold sites (tricep, bicep,subscap, supraspinale, abdominal, thigh, calf). There are also examples of some actual athlete results. excellent good average below average poor Normal Male 60-80 81-90 91-110 111-150 150+ Female 70-90 91-100 101-120 121-150 150+ Athletic Male 40-60 61-80 81-100 101-130 130+ Female 50-70 71-85 86-110 111-130 130+ equipment required: skinfold calipers (e.g. Harpenden, Holtain, Slimglide, Lange). These should be calibrated for correct jaw tension and gap width. target population: suitable for all populations, though it is sometimes difficult to get reliable measurements with obese people. validity: using skinfold measurements is not a valid predictor of percent body fat, however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time. It is important to maintain correct calibration of the calipers (more about calibrating calipers) reliability: the reliability of skinfold measurements can vary from tester to tester depending on their skill and experience. There are accreditation courses available through ISAK. advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. After the original outlay for calipers, the daily tests costs are minimal. other considerations: some subjects may feel uncomfortable stripping down in front of the tester, therefore every effect should be made to make them feel comfortable. For legal reasons, it is wise to have another person present, and to have females testers for female subjects. The right side measurement is standard, though in some situations you may need to test someone on the left side. If so, you must record this and endeavor to always test on the same side for that person. Reasons for testing on the left side may include injuries, amputation, deformities, or other medical conditions. Reaction Time the start can be very important, particularly over short distance events. The bodys physical reaction time is not something that can usually be trained, though starting practice, technique and improvements in power can improve a swimmers start. Strength and Power strength and power are important for a powerful explosive start off the blocks, and for quick and powerful turns. 3.1 A vertical jump test is best to measure the explosive power of the legs. This procedure describes the method used for directly measuring the vertical jump height jumped. There are also timing systems that measure the time of the jump and from that calculate the vertical jump height. equipment required: measuring tape or marked wall, chalk for marking wall (or Vertec or jump mat). procedure (see also variations below): the athlete stands side on to a wall and reaches up with the hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. This is called the standing reach height. The athlete then stands away from the wall, and leaps vertically as high as possible using both arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. The jumping technique can or cannot use a countermovement (see vertical jump technique). Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The difference in distance between the standing reach height and the jump height is the score. The best of three attempts is recorded. variations: The vertical jump test can also be performed using a specialized apparatus called the Vertec. The procedure when using the Vertec is very similar to as described above. Jump height can also be measured using a jump mat which measures the displacement of the hips. To be accurate, you must ensure the feet land back on the mat with legs nearly fully extended. Vertical jump height can also be measured using a timing mat. The vertical jump test is usually performed with a counter movement, where there is bending of the knees immediately prior to the jump. The test can also be performed as a squat jump, starting from the position of knees being bent. Other test variations are to perform the test with no arm movement (one hand on hip, the other raised above the head) to isolate the leg muscles and reduce the effect of variations in coordination of the arm movements. The test can also be performed off one leg, with a step into the jump, or with a run-up off two feet or one foot, depending on the relevance to the sport involved. For more details see vertical jump technique. scoring: The jump height is usually recorded as a distance score. The table below provides a ranking scale for adult athletes based on my observations, and will give a general idea of what is a good score. For more information, see a selection of vertical jump test results. It is also possible to convert jump height into a power or work score. rating males (inches) males (cm) females (inches) females (cm) excellent > 28 > 70 > 24 > 60 very good 24 28 61-70 20 24 51-60 above average 20 24 51-60 16 20 41-50 average 16 20 41-50 12 16 31-40 below average 12 16 31-40 8 12 21-30 poor 8 12 21-30 4 8 11-20 very poor advantages: this test is simple and quick to perform. disadvantages: technique plays a part in maximizing your score, as the subject must time the jump so that the wall is marked at the peak of the jump. comments: The jump height can be affected by how much you bend your knees before you jump, and the effective use of the arms. The test is also sometimes incorrectly spelled as the Sergeant or Sargent Test. history: This method described above for measuring a persons vertical jump height is sometimes known as a Sargent Jump, named after Dudley Sargent, who was one of the pioneers in American physical education. 3.2 Upper body strength can be measured using Bench Press 1RM or 3RM tests. This is a specific repetition maximum (RM) test for the upper body (see the general description of 1RM fitness tests). purpose: to measure maximum strength of the chest muscle groups. equipment required: Bench with safety, bar and various free weights. procedure: The subject should perform an adequate warm up. An example would be to warm up with 5-10 reps of a light-to-moderate weight, then after a minute rest perform two heavier warm-up sets of 2-5 reps, with a two-minute rest between sets. The subject should then rest two to four minutes, then perform the one-rep-max attempt with proper technique. If the lift is successful, rest for another two to four minutes and increase the load 5-10%, and attempt another lift. If the subject fails to perform the lift with correct technique, rest two to four minutes and attempt a weight 2.5-5% lower. Keep increasing and decreasing the weight until a maximum left is performed. Selection of the starting weight is crucial so that the maximum lift is completed within approximately five attempts after the warm-up sets. See the Bench Press Example Videos. 1 Rep Max Bench Press Table for adults (weight lifted per bodyweight) Rating Score (per body weight) Excellent > 1.60 Good 1.30 1.60 Average 1.15 1.29 Below Average 1.00 1.14 Poor 0.91 0.99 Very Poor scoring: the maximum weight lifted is recorded. To standardize the score it may be useful to calculate a score proportional to the persons bodyweight. The sequence of lifts should also be recorded as these can be used in subsequent tests to help in determining the starting lifts. See the table for general guidelines for interpreting the results. These ratings are for both males and females as females are generally a smaller frame, there are expected to lift a lower actual weight to score an average rating etc. These scores are based on my personal experiences. There are also some athlete results for this test. advantages: the required equipment is readily available in most gymnasiums, and the test is simple to perform. disadvantages: This test should only be performed by those experienced at performing the bench press lift with good technique. Good technique will also enable the lifter to maximize their score. comments: For safety, a spotter should stand at the head of the bench throughout the test. The results of this test may be specific to the equipment used (height of bench, variations in weights), so is best to use the same equipment for test-retest measures. The warm up procedure should also be recorded and repeated with further testing. If any variation in technique was allowed, this should be recorded on the results sheet for referral when the test is repeated. The test is also called one rep max, 1-RM, and one repetition maximum. variations / modifications: Sometimes a three or five repetition maximum is used, particularly for less experienced lifters. These greater reps would require less weight and may be considered less dangerous. Changing the number of repetition also changes the muscle energy systems and validity of this test. Anaerobic Capacity The sprint swimming events rely heavily on the anaerobic system. The anaerobic system response to swimming can be measured by taking blood lactate measures after races and and training sets. You could also look at speed drop off during a maximal 6 x 50m set with short recovery, somewhat like this anaerobic sprint fatigue test. purpose: this is a test of anaerobic capacity, the ability to recover between sprints and produce the same level of power repeatedly. equipment required: 2 stopwatches, measuring tape,marker cones, at least 50 meter track. procedure: marker cones and lines are placed 30 meters apart to indicate the sprint distance. Two more cones placed a further 10 meters on each end. At the instructions of the timer, the subject places their foot at the starting line, then on go two stopwatches are started simultaneously, and the subject sprints maximally for 30m, ensuring that they do not slow down before reaching the end. One stopwatch is used to time the sprint, the other continues to run. Record the time. The subjects use the 10 meter cone to slow down and turn, and return to the 30m finishing point. The next sprint will be in the oposite direction. The next 30 meter sprint starts 30 seconds after the first started. This cycle continues until 10 sprints are completed, starting at 30 sec, 1 min, 1.5 min, 2 min etc after the start of the first sprint. scoring: The fatigue index is calculated by taking the average speed of the first three trials and dividing it by the average speed of the last three trials. This will give a value approximately between 75 and 95%. Use the table below to determine the rating. Rating Fatigue Index Excellent > 89% Good 85-89 % Average 80-84% Poor target population: suitable for athletes involved in many multi-sprint sports such as basketball, hockey, rugby, soccer, AFL. Endurance aerobic capacity is important for a swimmer to maintain a high rate throughout the race, particularly the longer distance events. Land based endurance tests (e.g. treadmill VO2max) can be used, though specific swimming tests are more relevant, such as the Shuttle Swim Test or the more comprehensive Swimming Step Test. Maximal Oxygen Consumption Test (VO2max) The VO2max test is the criterion measure of aerobic power in athletes. Described here is the method to measure VO2max directly. Many other aerobic fitness tests estimate VO2max score from their results. See the other tests of Aerobic Endurance. equipment required: Oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers, ergometer on which workload may be modified, stopwatch. Expired air may be collected and volume measured via Douglas bags or a Tissot tank, or measured by a pnuemotach or turbine ventilometer. procedure: Exercise is performed on an appropriate ergometer (treadmill, cycle, swim bench). The exercise workloads are selected to gradually progress in increments from moderate to maximal intensity. Oxygen uptake is calculated from measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the expired air and minute ventilation, and the maximal level is determined at or near test completion (seeVO2max videos) scoring: Results are presented as either l/min (liters per minute) or ml/kg/min (mls of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute). The athlete is considered to have reached their VO2max if several of the following occurred: a plateau or peaking over in oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate was reached, attainment of a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.15 or greater, and volitional exhaustion. See also the Adult VO2max norm values. target population: Any sport in which aerobic endurance is a component, such as distance runners, cross country skiiers, rowers, triathlon, cycling. advantages: This test directly measures body oxygen consumption, which many other aerobic fitness tests try to estimate. You can also get direct measurement of maximum heart rate by recording heart rate during the test. disadvantages: Relatively time consuming and high costs involved for each test other comments: There is often variability between the performance of different analysis systems. Stringent calibration is necessary for both the expired gas and ventilation measurement systems. caution: This test is a maximal test, which requires a reasonable level of fitness. It is not recommended for recreational athletes or people with health problems, injuries or low fitness levels. 5.2 10 meter Multistage Shuttle Swim Test (MSST). This test is a variation on the Beep Test, or shuttle run, called the 10 meter Multistage Shuttle Swim Test (MSST). This test has been developed by sport scientists in Western Australia, for the assessment of aerobic fitness of competitive water polo players. See also the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST). purpose: To test the aerobic fitness of water polo players equipment required: swimming pool, test cd, cd player. procedure: This test is a variation on the established testing protocol for the running shuttle test, but specific for water polo players and carried out in a pool. The subjects swim a 10-meter distance at a progressively increasing speed until volitional exhaustion. The test starts at 0.9 m/s, and increases by 0.05 m/sec every stage. Each stage lasts approximately one minute and the shuttles are signalled by an audio cue. scoring: The athletes score is the level and number of shuttles reached before they were unable to keep up with the recording. target population: It is a test of aerobic fitness for competitive water polo players. The test is suitable for all players (male and female) ranging from school/club standard through to international level. reliability: In the published research paper, test-retest reliability was determined using a sample of 22 female and 22 male water polo players. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p>0.05) was calculated between the two test scores. The technical error of measurement for the test was 2.3 shuttles or 5.0%. validity: A validation correlation coefficient of 0.88 was found between the number of shuttles completed during the MSST and VO2max measured during an incremental tethered swim test to exhaustion. A stepwise multiple regression revealed that VO2max accounted for approximately 78% of the MSST variance. advantages: The test allows a whole team to have their aerobic fitness effectively assessed using minimal time and pool space. disadvantages: As with the running beep test, practice and motivation levels can influence the score attained, and the scoring can be subjective. 5.3 swim step test The 7 x 200m swim step test is a very comprehensive swimming-specific physiological test. It is used to monitor training and improvements in aerobic conditioning. For information about aerobic stepping tests, see Step Tests. purpose: To test fitness parameters during a standard swimming. equipment required: a swimming pool (25m or 50m), pool pace clock, stopwatch, equipment for blood lactate testing, heart rate monitor. procedure: All 200m swims are conducted at an even pace (even 50m splits), on 6 minutes (starting every new set exactly six minutes after the start of the previous one). The test is conducted using the swimmers specialist stroke (ie freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke). The swimming target time for each swimmer is based on age or intensity. For seniors, the last 200m is swum at maximum heart rate, and each 200m preceding this is at 10 bpm below the one before. For young age groupers, each swim is related to their personal best (PB), such that (for males): 1st 200m = PB +24 secs, 2nd 200m = PB +20 secs, 3rd 200m = PB +16 secs, 4th 200m = PB +12 secs, 5th 200m = PB + 8 secs, 6th 200m = PB pace, 7th 200m = Goal PB pace. For female swimmers the targets are 4 seconds less for swims 1 to 5. measurements: Record all splits and total times, and stroke rate. At the end of each swim, record RPE (rate of perceived exertion on a scale of 1 to 20), heart rate, and at 3 minutes after each swim measure lactate. results: Calculate average pace, heart rate, stroke rate, strokes per length. Use the results to plot heart rate/velocity curves or lactate/velocity curves. Changes in these over time are used to monitor changes in swimming specific aerobic conditioning. A measure of anaerobic threshold can be determined from these graphs. target population: It is a test for swimmers. The test is appropriate for experienced swimmers (male and female), who have good pacing ability. reliability: this test relies on good pacing ability of the swimmers. Practice will improve this, as well improve the reliability of results. advantages: the comprehensive measures provide great feedback to the coach and swimmer. disadvantages: The equipment and assistants required make this a costly and time consuming test. comments: this test requires plenty of assistance, having one data collector per swimmer would be ideal. Health lung function is obviously important for the swimmer, and checks should be make to check that the lungs are healthy and functioning to their full capacity. See lung function tests. procedure: The usual measures of lung function are of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1). These can be measured with a full maximal expiration. Explain to the subject that they must fill their lungs completely, seal their lips around the mouthpiece, and empty their lungs as hard and fast as possible. The best of two trials is usually recorded. equipment required: Spirometer (e.g. Vitalograph) interpretation: Lung function tests are of little value for predicting fitness and exercise performance, provided that the values fall within a normal range. You must always take into consideration that lung volumes vary with age, sex and body size (especially height). disadvantages: this test requires expensive equipment that is not always available. A simple inexpensive measure of lung function is the peak flow test. Swimming Specific Fitness Tests Fitness testing for swimming usually includes training or race type test, such as 8 x 200m step test, in which heart rate, blood lactate, split times, stroke rate and perceived exertion are recorded. Here are some other fitness tests related to swimming: Swimming Beep Test water based multi-stage beep test. Swimming Step Test a very comprehensive swimming-specific physiological test Shuttle swim test a shuttle endurance swimming test like the running beep test that was designed for water polo players. 1 km swim a 1 km swim designed for testing triathletes. 500yd / 450m Swim Test used for the Navy assessment. 3.Ian Thorp full name: Ian James Thorpe bio: One of the greatest swimmers the world has ever seen. In his career, he won five Olympic gold medals, 11 world titles and set 13 long-course records and 23 overall. On November 21 2006 he announced his retirement from swimming after 10 years on the Australian team, citing that he has lost the desire, and there are things in my life that are more important to me and I have to pursue them now. also known as: the Thorpedo, Flipper, Thorpey born: 13 October 1982 Milperra, a western suburb of Sydney, Australia family: Parents Margaret and Ken, sister Christina. physical attributes: Height: 195 cm (65) Weight:104 kg (229 lbs) Feet Size: 17 Arm span: 195 cm sport: Swimming coach: Tracey Menzies since 2002-06. Pre 2002 his coach was Doug Frost. team / club: SLC Aquadot / New South Wales / Australia event: 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters freestyle, 100m backstroke, 200m individual medley, plus anything else he wants to do! personal bests: 200m: 1:45.51 minutes, 400m: 3:41.33 minutes achievements: World Championships, Perth (1998), won 400m freestyle Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur 1998: 4 Gold medals (200m free, 400m free, 2x200m freestyle relay, 4x100m freestyle relay Pacific Championships 1999: New world record, 400m freestyle, broke world record for the 200m freestyle twice in consecutive days Australian Olympic Swim Trials 2000: bettered own 400m freestyle mark, lowered the 200m freestyle world record twice again Sydney Olympic Results, 2000 200 metre freestyle (1 min 45.83 secs), 2nd 400 metre freestyle (3 mins 40.59 secs), 1st 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay (3 mins 13.67 secs), 1st 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay (7 mins 7.05 secs), 1st 4 x 100 metre medley relay (3 mins 35.27 secs), 2nd Athens Olympics Results, 2004: 400m freestyle, 1st, 3:43.10 4 x 100m freestyle relay, 6th, 48.14 (3:15.77) 200m freestyle, 1st, 1:44.71 (Olympic record) 4 x 200m freestyle relay, 2nd, 1:44.18 (7:07.46) 100m freestyle, 3rd, 48.56 what you may not know: Thorpe started squad training when he was just 8 years old. He was allergic to cholorine when he first started but has now grown out of that. He holds the record for being the fastest 14-year old male swimmer in the history of swimming. In 1997, at age 1

Industrial Revolution DBQ :: American America History

Industrial Revolution DBQ The impact of the Industrial Revolution was a positive experience for some, but it was a great difficulty for others. Because of the demands for reform and protection for workers arose, government and unions began to take place. That was how the evils of the Industrial Revolution addressed in England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Unions are voluntary associations joined by workers. The Combination Act of 1800, which hindered the growth of unions, states that every workman's goal, who are entering into any combination should not be obtaining an advance of wages, or to lessen or alter the hours, or influencing any other to quit his work. Any workman who did so shall be committed to jail (Doc 1). Although the Combination Act of 1800 prevented the growth of unions, Ralph Chaplin believes that a worker should join the union. He states that there can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun, but the unions, which makes it strong (Doc 2). Since there's so many workers working in bad conditions, the labor laws came to action. The Health and Morals Act of 1802 limited children under fourteen from working over twelve hours a day (Doc 3). The factor Act of 1833, which enacted that no person under 18 years of age shall be allowed to work at night in machinery (Doc 4). It allowed the child under 18 to work less than 12 hours a day or less than 69 hours in any one-week. There was a ten hours act, which said that the women or children's limit workdays are 10 hours. Socialism is one of the roles of government in the economy. Adam Smith, who is the father of capitalism, believes in laissez-faire, "hands off" the government. He believes all production should be sale at the best possible lowest price. (Doc 5) While Adam Smith believes in capitalism, Engel is criticizing it. Engel believes the capitalism seizes everything for themselves but not the poor, they remain nothing. (Doc 7) Karl Marx, the author of a 23 page pamphlet, "The Communist Manifesto", and Engels recommend that all the working men of all countries should unite and is to be equal, should overthrow of all existing social conditions.